Article Review - 734 Words

The peer-reviewed article I analyzed was â€Å"Conducting a Functional-Based Intervention I a School Setting to Reduce Inappropriate Behaviour of a Child with Autism†. The focus of this article is â€Å"to assess the utility and feasibility of using three functional behavior assessment procedures in conjunction with the Behaviour Capture program when identifying the function of problem behavior in a school and to inform development of a function based intervention.† (Camacho, Anderson, Moore, Furlonger, 2014). Collection of data for FBAs in schools is essential but is also a challenge. â€Å"Most teachers regard the kind of data collection procedures that we shall discuss in this chapter with the same enthusiasm they reserve for statistics.† (Alberto†¦show more content†¦After reviewing the data, it was shown that the other student would either positively or negatively give attention to the subject when he directed his behavior towards her. It was also discovered that the other student would sometimes initiate these events. It was determined that the student would engage in stereotypy when he was under stimulated. It was noted that most of the student’s non-engagement was on the playground. He would stand next to a tricycle and just touch it. After looking at it and analyzing the data collected, a FBA was designed for this student. The student was taught how to ride the tricycle. This resulted in a decrease in the behaviors directed toward the other student, as well as a decrease in the amount of time he spent on his non-engagement behaviors and stereotypy. â€Å"The information obtained through the FA was used to design a naturalistic intervention, which was successful in teaching or facilitating a new play skill† (Camacho, Anderson, Moore, Furlonger, 2014). I think the most useful thing was that the teacher was able to use a remote control and video the student in the classroom. The observations were during the re gular setting of the classroom and playground. The videos were reviewed and analyzed to determine how to design a FBA. I feel that having a video would also allow otherShow MoreRelatedSample Article Review1246 Words   |  5 Pagese Article review : Sample 1 Source Bell, R.L. Lederman. (2003). Understandings of the nature of science and decision making on science and technology based issues. Science Education, vol.87, no.3, p.352-77, viewed 15 March 2005, EBSCOhost database Academic Search Premier, item: AN9578033 Introduction This review critically reviews the article ‘Understandings of the nature of science and decision making on science and technology based issues’ by Randy L. Bell and Norman G. Lederman which appearedRead MoreArticle Review : Our Undemocratic Constitution1202 Words   |  5 PagesBicameralism and Constitutional Article V are two of the main factors Levinson believes contribute to this difficulty. Bicameralism means it takes two legislative houses instead of one to approve any legislation. Levinson feels â€Å"Whatever the undoubted attractions of bicameralism, it always makes it harder to pass legislation (35).† He believes having two houses that do basically the same things just slows down the process of actually making a change to the constitution. Article V however, is another partRead MoreWhat Does It Take A Good Review Of An Original Scientific Article ( 6 Points )? Essay882 Words   |  4 Pagesto Dr. Hoppin, what does it take to do a good review of an origi nal scientific article (6 points)? Dr. Hoppin discussed four main responsibilities in guiding reviewer in the reviewing process of scientific paper. When reviewing a scientific article, the role of reviewers is to shear their experience, knowledge, time and provide constructive criticisms and suggestions. The reviewer has to be motivated by providing suggestions for improving the article to be more educational, informative and usefulRead MoreArticle Review1045 Words   |  5 Pagesremaining childless until age 35 years? Results from an Australian birth cohort study. (Steele et.al, 2014) Article review. The study described in the article attempts to demonstrate that precarious employment conditions force women to procrastinate first childbirth till age 35. Below here there are the short summary of this article and its evaluation, focused on the choice of variables, the article structure and the study results. The base for the study was the same as in the Life Journeys of YoungRead MoreArticle Review1471 Words   |  6 Pagesfound and used in clinical application. The three articles studied in this review use very different methods of predicting patient outcomes, and prove more accurate than the current â€Å"predictions... from randomized trials of individual chemotherapies, or SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) estimates†(Obermyer, 2017, p. 18). Regardless of their apparent successes, there is room for improvement in all three articles. Review The first article, â€Å"Machine learning mortality prediction at startRead MoreA Review Of The Article Review1332 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironmental voices is clear in the article published titled Critics Challenge Emissions Target (Wingrove 2015, May 16). The first person referenced is the Environmental minister, followed by a business professor at the University of Alberta, subsequently a green peace campaigner, and finally an oil sands program director for Pembina Institute who called the oil sands the largest growing source of emissions in Canada. Given the top down orientation of news articles, prominence is repeatedly awardedRead MoreArticle Review On The 1365 Words   |  6 PagesOur Father Who Is In Heaven By J Stark | Submitted On January 13, 2016 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author J Stark Is this simply a prayer recited by many, under varying circumstances or mightRead MoreArticle Review1052 Words   |  5 PagesIn the article, â€Å"Organized Greek Games†, the author, William J. Baker’s goal was to educate on the difference between Olympic Games as they are today, compared to Olympic Games as they used to be in ancient Greece. In this article, William Baker also described to us, the relationship between the ancient Olympic Games, and Greek religion, what some of the Greek philosophers thought of the Olympic Games, and the role of athletics in general, in ancient Greek Society. William Baker’s article, â€Å"OrganizedRead MoreArticle Review1507 Words   |  7 PagesFirst educational researchers realize that scientific methods of research do not adequately measure what is happening in the classroom. Secondly, new technologies have led to new classroom activities that necessitate new methods of analysis. This article suggests that if current tr ends continue, descriptive research methodology will grow in popularity and use.Read MoreArticle Review783 Words   |  4 PagesMindByte #3 Matteo Rocco Lawrence Caprio I want you to read the following article,† How statistical deception created the appearance that statins are safe and effective in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease†, David m. Diamond and Uffe Ravnskov; Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. Early inline, 1-10 (2015) a) On the first page, Hill’s criteria for causality is referenced. I now want you to research the term; â€Å"(Bradford) Hill’s criteria for causality† and list six of the possible

Turn of the screw Essay - 2734 Words

â€Å"The Turn of the Screw† Henry James, the famous author of ‘The Turn of the Screw’ was born on April 15, 1843 to his wealthy parents Henry James and Mary Walsh. His father, also called Henry James, was an Irish immigrant and by the time his own children were born he had inherited a lot of money from his father; and at this time Henry James senior and his family were living in New York. Henry James author of ‘The Turn Of The Screw’ was one of five children and had an older brother William who was born in 1942 he had four younger siblings also; Garth Wilkinson born 1845, Robertson born 1846 and Alice born 1848. Henry James’ father was devoted to studying theology, philosophy and mysticism (religion) as he was keen on studying and wanted his†¦show more content†¦Maybe this was the actual start of ‘The Turn Of The Screw’. At the time the book was written it was the late 19th century, Victorian era; and at the time Victorians were fascinated by ghosts - a perfect reason to write a psychological ghost story. The Victorians were convinced ghosts were dangerous though, evil spirits believed either to get them, to possess the living or to do the devil’s work. People in the 19th century were also intrigued by the after life, including what happened when you actually died. Henry James’ family was also included in this. This would give Henry James a perfect reason to write the novella aimed at a huge proportion of people who would be actually interested in reading a book involving ghosts. As ‘The Turn of the Screw’ was written in the 19th century when most of his family were famous and praised for their study of the mind and investigations into spirit phenomena, this could have inspired Henry to write the story. The fact that his older brother was famous and successful man when it came to psychology and physiology may have contributed to sibling rivalry. Henry had written novels that hadn’t sold well and had written plays that were far too intellectual for many of the general public to even watch. Writing a psychological ghost story in a spirit-obsessed era when his family were renowned for their knowledge seems to be best explanation as to why the novella was written. The whereabouts of the actual tale has real evidence because in oneShow MoreRelatedThe Turn Of The Screw1265 Words   |  6 PagesHenry James’ The Turn of the Screw has been described as one of the best ghost stories of all time. However, there is clear evidence that the main character, the governess, suffers from delusions. The strange events that occur throughout the story happen in the estate of Bly. The anomalies, described as horrors or ghosts, only come to light after the governess arrives. These events are due to creations of the governess mind, her controlling intent to protect and overrule the children, and her unstableRead MoreThe Turn Of The Screw1443 Words   |  6 PagesHenry James’ The Turn of the Screw is an ambivalent novella, well-known for it’s disputable contents. The central character, known simply as the governess, is one that can be considered an unreliable narrator. She has experienced many interesting yet unusual encounters that can lea d to a variety of interpretations regarding what’s actually taking place in the story. With all factors taken into account, it’s most plausible to assume that the governess is a victim of what appears to be a mental disorderRead MoreThe Turn of the Screw1300 Words   |  6 Pages Henry James novel The Turn of the Screw is twofold. In the first chapter, the story begins at a Christmas party where guests hear the governess tale of fright and fight. This story is referred to as â€Å"two turns† of the screw by an anonymous guest at the Christmas party because the reader asks if they want to hear a story about two children instead of only one (3). In the governess account, it tells about her duty as caretaker of two wealthy children, Flora and Miles, who live at Bly, a large estateRead MoreThe Turn Of The Screw2222 Words   |  9 PagesHenry James’s The Turn of the Screw has led to a great deal of discussion and analysis from scholars and students for over fifty years. James’s novella is a ghost story that is mostly told through the perspective of a young woman, a Governess, who is put in charge of taking care of two children, Miles and Flora, at an estate in Bly. The Governess adores the two children and considers them both charming, beautiful, and perfect, which is understandable given that Miles and Flora are portrayed as wellRead More The Turn of the Screw Essays1329 Words   |  6 PagesLove Between the Classes: An Analysis of Social Status Violation in The Turn of the Screw A Marxist reading of The Turn of the Screw by Henry James brings to light how social status differences and above all how the violation of these distinctions affect the story. The relationship between the governess and Miles is a clear example of this kind of transgression. As an unnamed character, the governess has an indefinite social status. She is neither an upper-class lady nor a simple servant. MoreoverRead More The Turn of the Screw Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe Turn of the Screw I must take my horrid plunge from the opening line sets the tone of the passage. The novels gothic form is revealed very early on in the passage. There is a distinctive differentiation between horror and terror derived from the studies of Radcliffe. Terror is when one induces to action and horror is when one is powerless and freezes as a result of it. The Governess horrid plunge is a forced action, as she is powerless to combat the supernatural forcesRead MoreEnn315-Turn of the Screw2040 Words   |  9 Pages‘The Turn of the Screw is essentially an ambivalent text. Its narrative prompts divergent, even opposite readings, but does not reconcile them. What happens remains irrevocably uncertain’ James uses the prologue to the novel to introduce the themes with in this Novella but more importantly he encourages the readers to be active in reading between the lines , and not to accept what is said at face value , James achieves this by surrounding Douglass with a group of people who are clearly andRead MoreEnn315-Turn of the Screw2028 Words   |  9 Pages‘The Turn of the Screw is essentially an ambivalent text. Its narrative prompts divergent, even opposite readings, but does not reconcile them. What happens remains irrevocably uncertain’ James uses the prologue to the novel to introduce the themes with in this Novella but more importantly he encourages the readers to be active in reading between the lines , and not to accept what is said at face value , James achieves this by surrounding Douglass with a group of people who are clearly and intentlyRead MoreThe Governess in The Turn of the Screw Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most critically discussed works in twentieth-century American literature, The Turn of the Screw has inspired a variety of critical interpretations since its publication in 1898. Until 1934, the book was considered a traditional ghost story. Edmund Wilson, however, soon challenged that view with his assertions that The Turn of the Screw is a psychological study of the unstable governess whose visions of ghosts are merely delusions. Wilson’s essay initiated a critical debate concerning theRead MoreTurn of the Screw, Historicism Approach1330 Words   |  6 Pageswork, and how do t hese influences complicate the meaning of the work as a whole ? - Regarding The Turn of The Screw. The Victorian era consisted of moralistic, prudish ideals, a sexist point of view and therefore enforced etiquette and good manners as a way of life. Henry James demonstrates a lack of propriety for this time period’s strict code of conduct, with his written work, ‘The turn of the screw’. By doing so, and somewhat rebelling against the sexually restraining, low crime tolerance era that

Optimizing Physical Properties of Municipal Waste Sites Free Essays

OPTIMIZING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUNICIPAL WASTE SITES TO SUITAS A CONSTRUCTION SITE Abstraction Waste is universally generated by homo from their assorted activities. Besides sum of waste coevals is increasing really quickly. Open dumping of municipal solid waste is common pattern in srilanka. We will write a custom essay sample on Optimizing Physical Properties of Municipal Waste Sites or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bloemendal waste pace was taken as instance survey of this research. Bloemendhal shit waste is silty sand type and such dirt can be treated with traditional calcium hydroxide and cement stabilizes methods. The end of this research was to better shit waste to upgrade its strength and public presentation of the dirt. The selected stabilizes were lime and cement. Key findings of the research are, ( 1 ) Strength of treated dirt additions with clip, ( 2 ) Strength fluctuation with cement and calcium hydroxide content, ( 3 ) Strength Variation with wet content, ( 4 ) Applicability of cement and calcium hydroxide as a stabilizer, ( 5 ) strength fluctuation with Water/amendment ratio. Introduction Waste We can be merely explicate as any stuffs that is discarded by worlds after its intent is obtained.Waste is increase twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours due to the all human activities in all over the universe. This sort of Waste we can split in to three classs. They are Solid, liquid and gaseous. In developing states Open Dumpsites are common, due to the low budget for waste disposal. Open dumping of municipal solid waste is common patterns in Sri Lanka. By pattern dumping of waste at land fill sites is done. But this can do by negative facets people populating in the vicinity. The chemicals used in waste can be carried by H2O and affects the land H2O. And besides these sort chemicals assorted with rain H2O and rain H2O transported them in to our imbibing beginnings. Such as rivers, lakes and etc. This has become a major issue at present. The shit paces, after stabilisation of solid waste utilizing calcium hydroxide and cement can be used for the building of assorted development undertakings like edifice sites, resort areas, recreational countries etc. this scheme is really advantageous when urban countries are concerned where sufficient infinite can non be found for recreational intents and other sort of development undertakings. Besides the stabilised solid waste can be economically used as fills for roads and roads embankments. Waste can be slackly defined as any stuff that is considered to be of no farther usage to the proprietor and is, therefore discarded. Waste is generated universally and is a direct effect of all human activities. Wastes are by and large classified into solid, liquid and gaseous. In developing states unfastened garbage dumps are common, due to the low budget for waste disposal. Open dumping of municipal solid waste is a common pattern in Sri Lanka. The disposal of wastes in landfill sites has progressively caused concern about possible inauspicious wellness effects for population life nearby, peculiarly in relation to those sites where risky waste is dumped. In the environment, chemicals and other contaminations found in solid waste can ooze into our groundwater and can besides be carried by rain H2O to rivers and lakes that are our beginnings for imbibing H2O. The shit paces, after stabilisation of solid waste utilizing calcium hydroxide and cement can be used for the building of assorted development undertakings like edifice sites, playgrounds recreational countries etc. this scheme is really advantageous when urban countries are concerned where sufficient infinite can non be found for recreational intents and other sorts of development undertakings. Besides the stabilised solid waste can be economically used as fills of roads and route embankments. Comprehensive research works must be carried out to measure the suitableness of stabilised solid waste for route fills in footings of its strength. LITERATURE REVIEW This research is all about the traditional dirt stabilizers viz. lime and cement. The stabilisation mechanisms and the effectivity of those stabilizers have been demonstrated by many research workers in many applications. This literature reappraisal focal point on the known belongingss of traditional stabilizers as relevant to the research. Soil stabilisation Stabilization was defined as the betterment of dirt strength under applied burden by Bulbul ( 2013 ) and besides stabilisation was described as the change of the dirt belongingss by chemical or physical agencies in order to heighten the technology quality of the dirt by Ankit ( 2013 ) .In general dirt stabilisation can be described as a procedure of bettering certain coveted belongingss in dirt stuff. Soil stuffs which have been thought non utile in technology application can be improved utilizing dirt stabilisation procedure. McNally ( 1998 ) showed that the betterments of dirt belongingss are caused by dirt stabilisation can include the undermentioned strength, volume stableness and lastingness features. Sodium and K cations are normally found in expansive clay dirt and those can be exchanged with cations like Ca, which are found in calcium hydroxide, Portland cement and fly ash. This is a rapid reaction and ion exchange procedure takes topographic point frequently within a few hours. The Ca cations replace with the Na cations around the dirt atoms. So soil stabilisation is a long term strength addition activity. ( Justin 2004 ) Soil stabilisation is really utile when it is more economical to get the better of a lack in a readily available stuff than to convey in one that to the full complies with the demands of specification for the dirt ( Ola,1975 ) . This dirt stabilisation method can be used where no other economic option is available. The chief addictives for dirt stabilisation, Gravel crushed sum Portland cement Calcium hydroxide The magnitude of dirt stabilisation is measured by the addition in strength as determined from unconfined compaction testing. Lime stabilisation There are two primary types of calcium hydroxide is used today in the building field are quicklime ( Calcium oxide ) and hydrated calcium hydroxide ( calcium hydrated oxide ) . Heating limestone at higher temperatures produces quicklime and the add-on of H2O to the calcium oxide produces hydrated calcium hydroxide ( 5 ) . Equation ( 2.1 ) shows the reaction of limestone when it is heated. That produces quicklime with C dioxide as a by-product. CaCo3+ Heat i? CaO + CO2( 2.1 ) Equation ( 2.2 ) shows that add-on of H2O to the calcium oxide CaO produces hydrated lime/Ca ( OH )2with heat as a byproduct. CaO +H2O i? Ca ( OH )2+ Heat ( 2.2 ) Soil conditions and mineralogical belongingss have a important consequence on the long-run strength addition in dirt and lime blend ( 5 ) . Introduction of Ca hydrated oxide increases Ph, doing the silicon oxide and aluminum oxide in the clay particles to go soluble and interact with the Ca in a pozzolanic reaction ( 5, 7 ) . A pozzolonic reaction between silicon oxide or aluminum oxide in the clay atoms and Ca from the calcium hydroxide can organize a cemented construction that increases the strength of the stabilised dirt. Residual Ca must stay in the system to unite with the available silicon oxide or aluminum oxide and to maintain the pH high plenty to keep the pozzolanic creative activity ( 5 ) . The per centum of calcium hydroxide used for any undertaking depends on the dirt type being stabilized. The finding of the measure of calcium hydroxide is normally based on an analysis of the consequence that different calcium hydroxide per centums have on the decrease of malleability and the addition in strength of the dirt. However, most all right grained dirt can be efficaciously stabilized with 3 % -10 % of calcium hydroxide, based on the dry weight of the dirt. Lime is used extensively to alter the technology belongingss of powdered dirts. It is most effectual in handling plastic clays capable of keeping big sum of H2O ( 6 ) . 2.1.2 Cement stabilisation Portland cement is a multi-mineral compound made up of Ca oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and Fe ( 5 ) . When stabilisation of dirt is done by blending dirt with cement in different proportions is called as dirt cement stabilisation. Soil cement is a mixture of powdered dirt and mensural sum of H2O and cement, compacted to desired denseness and cured ( 1 ) . When cement is assorted with H2O, cementing compound of calcium-silicate-hydrate ( C-S-H ) and calcium-aluminate-hydrate ( C-A-H ) are formed ( 5 ) . With lime stabilisation, the silicon oxide is provided when the clay atom is broken down. With cement stabilisation, the cement already contains the silicon oxide without necessitating to interrupt down the clay mineral. Therefore, unlike lime stabilisation, cement stabilisation is reasonably independent of the dirt belongingss. ( 8 ) . Some Ca is available to respond with the clay atom early in the alteration procedure when H2O is added, and extra Ca becomes available subsequently as it forms during cement hydration ( 5 ) . The hydrates help to stabilise disturbed clay atoms through cementation. The hydration reactions and strength additions for the most portion between 24 hours and 28 yearss ( 5 ) . The function of cement is to better the technology belongingss of available dirt such as strength squeezability, permeableness, swelling possible and sensitiveness to alter in wet content. Soil cement stuffs range from semi flexible to semi stiff depending on the type of dirt and sum of dirt used ( 1 ) . How to cite Optimizing Physical Properties of Municipal Waste Sites, Essay examples

But What Do You Mean free essay sample

What is Tannen’s purpose in writing this essay? What does she hope it will accomplish? From what I gathered Tannen’s purpose was for us to comprehend the importance of communication in the work field. How the simplest verbal functions can be interpreted in many different ways. â€Å"Conversation is a ritual† I find so much meaning behind these four simple words, the article in its entirety are summed up by these word. Tannen wants to enlighten us to remember that our words are powerful. I believe she wants us to take back control over what we say. We are as infants and Deborah is as our mother, giving us our first words. Not to mention it seems as if she wants to open up the doors for men and women not only in the work place but in their homes; to become more aware and willing to really communicate with one another. 2. What does Tannen mean when she writes, â€Å"Conversation is a ritual†? To interpret what she said I will try, to be precise I cannot say. Ritual is a word commonly used to describe costumes that continue to portray. My dad would say to me oh you’re doing your ritual of putting on your face. Deborah means that the way one talks is a sort of a habit, never changing unless we intentionally hold back on what we say or may say. By saying ritual she is showing that communication like rituals are instilled and influenced by your upbringing, environment, people around you, place of origin, and not to forget the people you associate with. She is giving her reader a powerful statement by using a metaphor that helps depict her thesis. 3. What does Tannen see as the fundamental difference between men’s and women’s conversational strategies? She states there are many different aspects to how men and women communicate. Yet there seem to be an underlying consensus that men never want to feel they are at the bottom of the conversation. Women on the other hand don’t mind as long as there is â€Å"give and take† in the conversation. Deborah literates â€Å"The logic is that when you are challenged you will rise to the occasion† she goes on to say â€Å"common among women are designed to take the other person feelings into account†. Let me elaborate into what I believe her meaning is behind these two sentences. Men, even in speech have to feel as if they are concurring or being triumphant with the words, so they may feel superior and show no weaknesses. Women by nature are compelled to be compassionate even when they know it is a one sided street and they may be more compelled to chose their words wisely rather than speak bluntly. 4. Why is â€Å"You’re welcome† not always an appropriate response to â€Å"Thank you†? Well there are a lot of scenarios when â€Å"you’re welcome† may not be well reciprocated by a person. To me we say â€Å"you’re welcome† to be gracious about a gesture we just did for another. It also lets the person feel and know that the gesture was no big deal and you were glad to help. In the instance where it is referred to in the article I find it being the wrong use of words, mostly because she is the one who made the gesture by responding in a quick fashion so he or she could revise and insert the novelist’s changes for her novel. We must understand that to say â€Å"your welcome† is as if you are saying yeah known you owe me because I did you a favor. This question brings to mind a time when I felt that â€Å"you’re welcome† was out of place and it upset me. Well let me tell you one time when I opened the door for a lady with a stroller and she said thanks I responded with â€Å"of course no problem your welcome. † Nothing strange about this commonly exchanged between strangers; then as she moved through the door way with the stroller she found it to be a tight squeeze with me holding the door and the big stroller. I noticed when she was pushing her way into the store she had to tilt the stroller to avoided hitting me, once through the door she looks at me as if wanting for me to say something after a split second she states â€Å"you’re welcome. † It puzzled me on why she thought I owed her thanks after standing there with the door open to help her. I believe that â€Å"you’re welcome† does not work in this instance due to me not having to hold the door open but willing to and her acting as if tilting the stroller to avoid me was a favor she did to me. If I would not have opened the door there would have been no need for her to tilt the stroller over. Questions on Writing Strategy 1. The essay has a large cast of characters: twenty-three to be exact. What function do these characters serve? How does Tannen introduce them to the reader? Does she describe them in sufficient detail? In various degrees she is using their experience to provide her analyses with common communication interactions among individuals. Thus these caricatures provide us with insight to flaws that we all may relate to, it gave me ample examples on how she came to classify these areas of difficult in communication between a male and a female. There are different ways Deborah went about introducing these individuals through the article, however I see two common threads in these introductions. I found that she refers to herself in relation to these characters; she puts you in the scene of where the conversation happened before showing the differences in how the sexes interacted in areas of speech. Tannen does not describe the characters in great detail as they are only a point of reference to here short stories. There would be no liable information if she was to further her detail of the character. This is not the emphasis of the article therefore only the pertinent information is needed. 2. Whom does Tannen see as her primary Audience? Analyze her use of the pronoun you in paragraphs 9 and 19. Whom does she seem to be addressing here? Why? Deborah wrote this article for the general public, students, and scholars alike. This article focuses on a topic that should be read and thought about by everyone. To me it seems that this article could benefit women who need a confident boost in speaking up. To men who just don’t get why it is that what they said made their co-worker angry or made their wife cry. â€Å"You† on paragraph nine is referring to the audience whomever it may be reading the article at the time. Tannen is giving us something to ask ourselves, pulling her audience in by having them interact with questions directed towards them. Paragraph nineteen the pronoun is as well referencing to us the readers, however this you is more or less inferring to the female audience. Deborah seems to be not only having her audience pulled into the article but she re-illiterates that nowhere does she say every woman or men for that difference fall under the same pretence as all of their genders. 3. Analyze how Tannen develops the category of apologies in paragraphs 4-9. Where does she use example, definiton, and comparison and contrast? In this particular calcification category Tannen developed it by analyzing what are the main areas of confusion, differences, and common communication when it comes to the opposite sex. She also had to see that apologies go hand in hand with the fighting category. Deborah uses an example to reinforce her thoughts in paragraph four and once again in paragraph seven. Both pertain to the use of â€Å"I’m sorry† however; the context in which these words are being used gives insight to different aspect of how those words may be interpreted. She defines the real meaning of each genders use towards the phrase â€Å"I’m sorry. † She uses comparison and contrast throughout her entire article and she does it only a certain way; by using examples with people she previously interviewed and using their experiences to compare and contrast. In the apology section she compares and contrasts apologizing too much and none at all. Questions on Language 1. What is the effect of â€Å"I put her out of her misery† (par. 11)? What does this phrase usually mean? The effect of â€Å"I put her out of her misery† in this paragraph was to make the editor come to a final point that she seemed to be dancing around. It was to end the fact that this editor was trying to be softer instead of more direct. This phrase usually means that there was someone who was in any type of misery and was in need for you to end it. Whether it pertained to physical or emotional misery and you put them out of it. 2. What does Tannen mean by a â€Å"right-between-the-eyes style† (par. 12)? What Tannen is trying to say when she says â€Å"right-between-the-eyes style† she is using this as a metaphor to explain a more direct style. Usually when you hit something or someone right between the eyes or on target it is referred to as â€Å"bull’s eye† indicating perfect hit or perfect shot. Tannen is just trying to contrast between the way each gender makes use of their delivery in suggestions or criticism. 3. What is the effect of Tannen’s use of figurative verbs, such as â€Å"barking† (par. 11) and â€Å"erupted† (20)? Find at least one other example of the use of a verb in a non-literal sense. Tannen’s effect on the use of the word â€Å"barking† was to further show impact on the way that her editor at the time who was male delivered news of his disapproval towards her paper. The use of the verb â€Å"erupted† in this article was to show the effect that these women had all of their emotions just rushing out of their mouths at once. They were asked and they told, they might have said too much perhaps, but this was the way they came out as not so soft spoken anymore. Important Words in this Essay and Their Definition Self-deprecating – to make derogatory comments about oneself. Tentativeness – not a final idea, cautious in actions or way of speech. Intrinsically – the real value from the core, more literal (absolute) value. Malcontent – unsatisfied, unhappy, miserable; always wanting something more.

Response to Young Frankenstein free essay sample

However, Mel Brooks film is a parody, since it has a plot somewhat similar to the book but was designed to be comical and even at points ridicule her work with comical situations or puns and one-liners. In the beginning of the movie, Mel Brooks insults the intelligence of Frankenstein by making the personality of the protagonist that of a fool. Due to Frederick’s pride, he calls himself â€Å"Frankensteen† and everyone thinks he is mentally challenged, not including his assistant, which is not the brightest assistant ever. Needless to say, the film is full of comical puns, but the first and remarkable pun is when Inga, Fredrick’s assistant played by Teri Garr, says to him as a wolf howls in the distance, â€Å"That is a werewolf† and Fredrick replies with concern while pointing at towards the direction of the howl, â€Å"A werewolf? † Then Igor (played by Marty Feldman), Fredrick’s assistant, unaware of the nature of the conversation answers, â€Å"No, there wolf, there castle. We will write a custom essay sample on Response to Young Frankenstein or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † thinking that he had gotten the directions mixed up. There were many other comical instances but Mel Brooks does not dare to stray too much from the original text and in some way reminds us of Mary Shelly. Brooks does extract some parts of the book and uses them in his movie. A good example of this is the character Elizabeth, which is the same name as the sister and one-day bride of the real Frankenstein. Even though, her character was not all like Elizabeth’s and her personality was quite peculiar and materialistic, she was Frederick fiancee. Another crucial part f the movie is when Fredrick discovers how to bestow life to inanimate objects. At the beginning of the movie, the protagonist did not believe that he was able to reanimate objects, and doubted every single possibility, however, when by the acts of Frau Blucher, played by Cloris Leachman, he learns of his grandfather’s book on how to make the creature, and reads in a loud voice, â€Å"After days and nights of incredible labor and fatigue, I succeeded in discove ring the cause of generation and life; nay, more, I became myself capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter. In the original text, this is where Frankenstein tells us, without detail, how he created the creature, and as all the other previous Frankensteins, he is bound to create a creature too. A very important style of writing is illustrated in the movie too. This film was produced in 1974, when color was available and Mel Brooks had the option to produce it in color, but that would have ruined the gothic element of darkness and mystery which Mary Shelley illustrated numerous times throughout her book. However, as Brooks attempts to recreate a comical version of the film, he forms an additional ending and reverses some of the situations in the film. In the Mary Shelley’s book, it is the monster who desires the love of his creator, and it is he who wants to be integrated in man’s society, but in the film Young Frankenstein, it is his creator who seeks the monster’s attention, doesn’t want to see his creation harmed; and wants to integrate him into society. The creature’s perspective is also changed and he loves music, it hypnotizes him, which might ridicule the romantic element, love of nature, in Shelley’s masterpiece, making the monster vulnerable to music rather than nature. Also, towards the end of the play, instead of the creator and the creature dying like in the book, Brooks decides to let the protagonist and the monster have a happy-ever-after. Fredrick’s love towards the creature was so great that he decides to give part of his brain so that the creature could express himself and not be feared by everyone like he was before. This resolves the major conflict in the film but completely leaves out the climax of the book. Needless to say, the audience has dirty minds and Brooks takes advantage of this to make them laugh. He makes a few dirty puns and situations that make the spectators laugh, and inserts many other non-dirty puns in his plot too. One of them is when Fredrick is scared by Igor’s eyes and says, â€Å"Damn your eyes! † and Igor, with his eyeballs looking at different direction replies, â€Å"Too late. † The director makes sure to leave a one-liner that is remembered throughout the movie every time that a person mentions the name, â€Å"Frau Blucher†. Every time that phrase is spoken, somewhere, inside or outdoors, some horses whine, making it seem like a bad omen. Furthermore, in Mel Brook’s Young Frankenstein, the law does persecute the monster but the inspector that is chasing him has a speech disorder or strong accent that makes it very hard to understand him and he has a prosthetic arm that always gets stuck and gives him a hard time moving it. These comical situations never fail to make the audience laugh. Even though Mel Brooks somewhat copies Mary Shelley’s masterpiece, he ridicules her work by lowering the intellectual language, characters’ position, and providing dirty instances. He does succeed in getting the audience to laugh and be entertained. However, if viewed in a different perspective, Mel Brooks also pays his respect to Mary Shelley in homage by providing some of the original text and finding a way of reminding the audience that Mary Shelley is the one who should be getting applauses too. Mel Brooks advertises Mary Shelley’s work because if you at some parts do not understand the film, you would have to read the original book first. Brooks creates a situation where both he and Shelley win by getting more views of the film and more people to read her book.

Measurable Outcomes for Gestalt Therapy essays

Measurable Outcomes for Gestalt Therapy essays Since clearly individuals enter into therapy for varied and personal reasons, the outcomes for any method will be very different in specifics. However, there are clearly defined goals that are set early in the therapeutic relationship, and the success of each of these goals can be measured. In Gestalt therapy, for example, strives to integrate the mind and the body; the thoughts and the actions. The client usually enters into the relationship with a disparity of these two, but a successful outcome will be for the two to be in harmony. Reduction of undesired behavior would be one example of a measurable outcome. Specifically, a client could be working towards the cessation of drug use. At the intake assessment, the daily usage would be recorded and the comparison to the daily usage as the sessions proceed would be a measurable result. Improved social functioning is also would also be a likely goal. Perhaps, for example, a client generally avoided social functions held by their workplace, and it was beginning to threaten their position with the company. Attending one of these functions would be an improvement in behavior and a concrete measure of success. Finally, an important element of Gestalt therapy is for the client to develop a positive outlook on their life and position. Improved outlook would manifest itself in the ability to overcome obstacles that would have stopped a client from proceeding with a project, or relationship, or action in the past. A simple response could be used as a measurable outcome. For example, an individual who would naturally reply to a compliment by downplaying the difficulty of the task or their own ability, could be considered successful in this therapy if they were able to change their natural response to a simple (and sincere) thank you. ...

Managing cultural diversity in the workplace environment of singapore Essay

Managing cultural diversity in the workplace environment of singapore - Essay Example During the process, a critical view of the policies and practices and their impact on other aspects of organisational performance would be placed to assess the effectiveness of the policies and practices. Moreover, possible recommendations to tackle these challenges would be suggested based on organisational practices. While the effects of globalization have been so profound that all organisations have to adapt to the changes, diversity is one of the strategies adopted for sustainability and performance. This reflects in their policies and practices with respect to human resources management. Though the western countries adopted this route much earlier, it is relatively newer concept in most of the Eastern nations (Mor-Barack, 2005). This does not mean that the Eastern nations did not employ people from different cultures and ethnic groups; but just that the organisations have started adopting policies and practices to encourage and, to an extent, suit multicultural and diverse populations during last few decades. The most important requirement for managing diversity comes from equal rights act and policies congruent with this act, which create favourable social, legal and organisational environment to all groups of people. Secondly, organisational policies and practices that encourage and support diversified workforce. Globalization has provided extraordinary benefits to organisations, which has enticed many organisations to enter the global market. This has further increased the numbers of people from different backgrounds, cultures, races and ethnic groups to work together at different locations. On the other hand, organisations in some sectors are known to have moved to other places in order to flourish because the legislation there was more conducive to their strategies; for example, Singapore has relaxed legislation

Role of HR in Developing Talent at Work Literature review

Role of HR in Developing Talent at Work - Literature review Example Hence the role and responsibility of HR as facilitator and developer of talent of its workforce with a view to achieve its overall business objective has assumed key significance over the years. The recent decades has seen a drastic change in demographic patterns, along with significant transformation in the political, economic as well as corporate fields. This has largely contributed to the changing perceptions of the way in which HR addresses issues related to hiring and training of employees (Gandossy & Kao, 2004). Such changes in almost all factors external to the organization are shifting the trends of corporate world, whereby there is a change in negotiation of power as well as the relationship between employers and employees. Talent management and development is being touted as one of the most significant and crucial aspects within the corporate world, today, as established and confirmed by various researchers (Gutheridge, Dommm & Lawson, 2006; Sandler, 2006; Handfield-Jones, Michaels, & Axelrod, 2001). Such studies indicate that effective development and management of talent by the HR has significant impact on the finances of the firm, i.e. there is a direct relationship between talent development and financial returns of the company. The better the talent development and management the higher the profits and returns. The concept of talent management was first conceptualized during the second World War (Capelli, 2008) and assumed greater significance during the late 1990s (Scullion and Collings, 2010). The twentieth century saw a sudden change in the attitudes of the HR management team, whereby the focus was shifted to developing, managing and retaining talent in the workforce. It was during this time that the need and realization for a talented workforce was on the rise and the significance of a talented workforce became one of the crucial aspects of organizations worldwide (Makela et al., 2010). It was established through various studies that the key to maximizing productivity and ultimately profitability was through adoption of a systematic and effective strategy aimed at developing talent at work and through hiring, selecting, developing and retaining a talented pool of employees (Huselid et al., 2005). Developing talent at work has increasingly been accepted as one of the key strategic functions of the HR, in most of the organizations globally. The development of talent, however is not restricted to merely hiring of talented workforce but also includes incorporating development programs with a view to sharpening the skills of the current pool of employees. According to the ex-CEO pf Procter and Gamble - the world's largest consumer groups, their company spends half of their time in developing talent (Holstein, 2005), thus re-affirming the significance of talent development as a key HR function. In the most broadest term, the concept of talent management / development indicates developing a wide range of strategies and policie s aimed at enhancing and developing the skills of employees at the workplace and includes attracting, hiring, developing, utilizing as well as retaining the skills crucial to the organizations and using the abilities and skills of the employees in an optimum manner, for the benefit of the organizat

Affirmative Action and Equal Employment Opportunity Assignment

Affirmative Action and Equal Employment Opportunity - Assignment Example Furniture like chairs and tables fitted in the working places are not made with consideration of the physically disables persons in mind. In learning institutions, students may leave chairs anyhow on the verandahs and pavements, hence making the disabled persons being unable to move freely. The lifts are also not made friendly for such people with sounds that can notify the blind when it reaches particular floors, or in a way to accommodate some physical disability conditions. It is therefore very important to extend the affirmative action to cover such kind of considerations in the society to reduce on discrimination. A part from the physical disability, society still requires affirmative discrimination in many areas such as learning institutions, other than just the need for equal employment opportunities. We find that some institutions do not offer admission places to students from particular regions due to issues of race, color, culture, disability, religion and such like. This m akes students who have actually qualified and have the aspiration to study in such institutions to have their dreams shuttered since they end up attending institutions that never were their choices. This is against the University Policy and Procedure of the U.S. (Berkeley, 2009). On other thoughts, equal employment opportunities are also considered as not sufficient to prevent workplace discrimination. This is so as workplace discrimination involves more than just providing equal employment opportunities.

Convention Of The Rights Of Persons With Disabilities Politics Essay

Convention Of The Rights Of Persons With Disabilities Politics Essay People with disabilities exist in every age group, every social sector, every class and every ethnic and religious community. They often do not have a voice of their own in issues that affect their lives. It is important to understand the causes of disability and the discrimination intended for the disabled, and measures that need to be taken to ensure the equal enjoyment of human rights for persons with disabilities. Societies must work as a whole to integrate disabled persons into the life of society and provide them with equal opportunities in schools, the workplace and the global community. Â   December 13, 2006 the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) was implemented. Currently 99 countries have approved the Convention and there are 147 members. A high number of developing countries are included in signing the Convention. It is to likely those developing countries will be asking development actors for support after approving the convention in the implementation of the principles and binding responsibilities. Around 650 million people, 10% of the worlds population live with a disability. According to the UN Development Program (UNDP) 80% of persons with disabilities live in developing countries (Rights and dignity, 2011). Estimated by the World Bank 20% of the worlds poorest people are disabled and are regarded as the most disadvantaged in their own communities (Takamin, 2004). The term persons with disabilities is applied to all people with disabilities. It includes people who have long term mental, physical, intellectual or sensory impairments. These disabilities can affect their participation in society. Impairment is a functional limitation caused by physical, mental or sensory damage and a disability can be defined as a loss or reduction of opportunities to take part in the everyday life of the community on an equal level (Yeo, 2003). It is important to note that a person with a disability may be viewed as a person with a disability in one society or setting, but not in another, depending on the role that the person is anticipated to take in his or her community. The convention recognizes that disability is an evolving concept and that legislation may adapt to reflect positive changes within society. (Country profile: thailand, 2010). The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities consists of an article on international cooperation, pointing out the gap between developed and developing countries. Issues such as human rights violations, poverty, and social exclusion are overpowering and have prevented the global South to have significant improvement. Article 32 in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities insist that there be international cooperation for the support of the CRPD in developing countries, once a country has ratified the convention they become required to engage in international cooperation. The important question to keep in mind is how can international partnership be effectively put into action in developing counties. With the help of official donor agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) which represent persons with disabilities and the families in developing countries the CRPD can be applied. Thailand is one country that has had the help of four major NGOs working with persons with disabilities and official donor agencies from developed counties such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan (Thailand human rights, 2011). Thailand approved the CRPD in July 2008 along with Australia. Thailand symbolize the typical issues developing countries face, such as poverty. Thai persons with disabilities are challenged with poverty. NGOs in Thailand in comparison to other developing counties are well recognized, the representatives of NGOs in Thailand are strongly taking part in the development of the policy on disability on a national level (Thailand human rights, 2011). More attention has been given to the reality of persons with disabilities among the disadvantaged people in developing countries. International Organizations such as the World Bank state that persons with disabilities are the poorest of the poor. According to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific approximately 160 million persons with disabilities which are over 40% of the total number of persons with disabilities are living in poverty (Takamine, 2003). Around 100 million people in developing countries have a medical condition due to malnutrition and poor sanitation (Takamin, 2004). Social exclusion helps to clearly comprehend the association between poverty and disability. In developing countries, persons with disabilities are more likely to experience different types of social segregation including: limited social contact, exclusion from formal/informal education and employment, the community has low expectations from them and they hold low expectations for themselves, exclusion from the political/legal process, exclusion from basic healthcare, the lowest priority for any limited resources such as food, clean water, and inheritance, and lack of support for the high expenses directly linked with the impairment such as costly medical treatments (Yeo, 2003). All of these factors take away the opportunity for persons with disabilities to make an income, placing them in the absence of state support. Impairment may be caused by malnutrition and poor health that is a result of poor people being deprived of healthcare and healthy food. Poor people are often oppressed and sent to work in dangerous conditions, which generates risk of accidents and physical impairment. Poverty and disability are mutually reinforcing, as persons with disabilities are socially excluded and adequate social services are not provided (United Nations, 2007). In developing countries we see a large amount of people who are disabled and living in poverty. To improve the circumstances, persons with disabilities in these developing countries should be involved in all the development efforts of their countries, and an inclusive development approach should be put in place to deal with the different forms of social exclusion. Article 32 was negotiated in a series of CRPD preparatory meetings. Article 32 states: 1. States Parties recognize the importance of international cooperation and its promotion, in support of national efforts for the realization of the purpose and objectives of the present Convention, and will undertake appropriate and effective measures in this regard, between and among States and, as appropriate, in partnership with relevant international and regional organizations and civil society, in particular organizations of persons with disabilities. Such measures could include, inter alia: (a) Ensuring that international cooperation, including international development programmes, is inclusive of and accessible to persons with disabilities; (b) Facilitating and supporting capacity-building, including through the exchange and sharing of information, experiences, training programmes and best practices; (c) Facilitating cooperation in research and access to scientific and technical knowledge; (d) Providing, as appropriate, technical and economic assistance, including by facilitating access to and sharing of accessible and assistive technologies, and through the transfer of technologies. 2. The provisions of this article are without prejudice to the obligations of each State Party to full fill its obligations under the present Convention. (Convention on the, 2011). Disability is a major issue that requires strong support and partnerships from different participants. The process to draft the CRPD began in 2001, and in 2002 the United Nations Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons adopted a set of policy guidelines known as the Biwako Millennium Framework for Action to Promote an Inclusive, Barrier-free and Rights-based Society for Persons with Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific (United Nations, 2007). In the Framework, the rights-based approach is suggested for the formation of national disability policies and aid programs in the Asia-Pacific region (United Nations, 2007). This guarantees that persons with disabilities benefit from all the rights which other citizens enjoy. In developing countries human rights tools promote the quality of life of people; it is questioned whether the Declaration of the Right to Development would be better guaranteed by UN and international NGOs rather than individual nation states (Dean, 2008). International aid organizations in some developing countries have been the main body for encouraging social policy associated to persons with disabilities and providing pertinent amenities. Concerning this Article 32 clarifies that international cooperation is in support of national efforts for the realization of the purpose and objectives of the present Convention (Convention on the, 2011). UK, Australia and Japan are three developed countries that have been involved in international development programs concerning disability and have set up policies on development cooperation. The UK has one official donor agency that deals with disability that has been playing a primary role in development aid called the Department for International Development (DFID). DFID works in association with NGOs and accentuates the cycle of disability and poverty and the empowerment of persons with disabilities. Stating that reducing poverty by tackling social exclusion is a DFIDs policy and disability is about discrimination and exclusion key aspects of DFIDs work - DFID is dedicated to addressing issues of disability in its development programs throughout the world (Dfid department for, 2011). In Australia the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) has also made an effort to establish Australian leadership on disability. Since early 2008 AusAID formed a unit of NGOs and other stakeholders to create new disability strategy for the Australian aid program for 2009-2014, titled Development for All. Effective international leadership on disability and development is one of the main objectives of the strategy which is in alliance with CRPD Article 23 (Saunders, 2007). In 2003 the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in alliance with Japanese experts and NGO representatives developed its policy paper on support for persons with disabilities (Japanese overseas cooperation, 2011). Hundreds of volunteers and professional are sent out annually by JICA to both governmental and non-governmental organizations for support to work in special education, physiotherapy, vocational training, and many others. It has also helped a number of disability-related projects carried out by the governments of developing countries. (Japanese overseas cooperation, 2011). The population of Thailand in mid-2007 recorded by the United Nations is approximately 62,829,000 million, with 5.7 million living in Bangkok the capital city. The National Statistical Offices Disability Survey in 2002 found that 1.7% of the people consisting of 1.8% male and 0.9% female had disabilities. The rate among the rural population was twice that of the urban population according to the survey. The Northeast 2.4%, the South 1.9%, and the North 1.8 % had higher rates of disability, while Bangkok and the Central region had 0.7% and 1% (Thailand asia-pacific, 2011). These statistics prove that rural regions have a higher majority than the central regions of poor people, and more persons with disabilities live in these poor regions. In 2007 1.9 million of the population had a disability and the proportion of persons with disabilities to total population was 2.9%. (Thailand asia-pacific, 2011). The Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons Act of 1991 and the united Ministerial Regulations which had been the main legal instruments, was replaced by the Persons with Disabilities Empowerment Act which was enforced in 2007 (Persons with disabilities, 2007). The Rehabilitation Act of 1991 set the basis for the rights of persons with disabilities to benefit from public services. Other Acts also involve rights for persons with disabilities such as the Social Security Act which gives registered persons with disabilities an allowance of 500 baht which is roughly 15 US dollars each month (Camfield, 2009). The National Education Act is also in place, which defends the rights of persons with disabilities to acquire education. However, compared to the current standard of living the survival allowance and other support are quite minimal, the daily minimum wage of 2007 was 120 baht in Thailand. The National Office for Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities has been launched and works in collab oration with other government agencies and NGOs. These Acts guarantee that Thai persons with disabilities are given employment support and financial aid, as well as educational, medical, rehabilitative, and services. District Public Welfare Offices and Health Centers offer assistance to persons with disabilities, and Provincial Special Education Centers are responsible for educational services for children with disabilities (Glassman, 2008). The Thai government now has a more hands-on position on human rights. For example, the Thai diplomatic mission states that: The country has progressively striven to promote human rights awareness through human rights education and to strengthen legal frameworks to promote and protect human rights in line with UN Conventions, in particular with regard to the rights of vulnerable groups (The royal thai, 2008). Moreover, Thailand has a long-standing commitment to enhancing cooperation to uplift the quality of life of women, children and persons with disabilities as well as to ensure their rights (The royal thai, 2008).Thailands ratification of the CRPD was one of the earliest in Asia. The Persons with Disabilities Empowerment Act of 2007 is renowned as the first Thai law to forbid discriminatory and biased acts against persons with disabilities and to punish anyone that does not abide by the law. Also, the Act has expanded the rights for Thai persons with disabilities and explained thes e rights in more detail. Most importantly the Thai government has confirmed its support for the CRPD by adjusting the domestic legislation to fit the CRPD (The royal thai, 2008). There are four major NGOs which are involved in a wide range of activities and influence on the Thai disability policy which include: Thailand Association of the Blind (TAB), the Redemptorist Foundation for People with Disabilities, the Association of Parents for Thai Persons with Autism under the Thai Autism Foundation, and the National Association of the Deaf in Thailand (NADT). These NGOs epitomize persons with disabilities as well as their families (Delcore, 2003). Within the last few years in Thailand, all four NGOs recognize the Empowerment Act as an advanced legal device that has improved the legal and policy development, in terms of punishing discrimination against those with disabilities. They agree that even with an active disability association and recent advancements at the national level, the situation of persons with disabilities has not been much improved in the rural areas due to poverty and countless social exclusions. Many with disabilities are still denied from education and employment. The private sector is in need of more employment opportunities for persons with disabilities due to poor understanding and support of the employers. Furthermore, the quality of education and other related services for persons with disabilities requires more improvement in Thailand. Many persons with disabilities are have HIV/AIDS due to lack of education of it, and some persons with disabilities mostly deaf people are unfairly treated when it come s to legal cases due to incomplete sign language interpretation. Young women with disabilities easily become victims of different exploitations, such as those with hearing impairments or intellectual disabilities are very weak and socially cut off and do not receive sufficient education (Delcore, 2003). With the formation of the CRPD and the Thai Persons with Disabilities Empowerment Act improvements have been made at the national level, however not much of a change has been made at the lowest level in Thailand and other developing countries. Stating that disabled persons have rights is important although it may not be enough to bring about a real adjustment for disabled persons. All local leaders should be knowledgeable about the rights of those with disabilities as well as an obligation to protect their rights. Another benefit is to have local leaders with disabilities that can serve for the empowerment and be an example to those with disabilities in their community. This will advocate the need to empower persons with disabilities and educate local people on disability issues. It is apparent that the understanding of the Thai public range is limited concerning the rights of persons with disabilities, and there is difficulty in the carrying out of the Empowerment Act and promotion of the CRPD in the government. They face many issues such as poor understanding, policies adopted by the central government are not expressed in local governments properly, and therefore the understanding of the rights of persons with disabilities at the local level is very restricted. It is crucial to raise awareness through public education (Delcore, 2003). The Thai disability policy is moving on the right course. It is in a transitional period by following the international movements. The Thai disability policy needs further evaluation to have actual implementation. It is stressed that the assessment and monitoring of policy implementation are vital but currently lacking. The future NGOs should be more involved in monitoring and evaluation. NGOs in Thailand and their representatives with disabilities have been recently very much involved in the formation of the national policy in comparison to the past as well as the surrounding developing countries. While some people with disabilities are asked to participate at the national level, only a small number of persons with disabilities are participating at the local level. More local leaders with disabilities and local self-help groups need to participate in the policy formation and push these programs at the local level. More attempts should be made for empowering persons with disabilities especially in the rural areas; the difference of the situation of persons with disabilities between Bangkok and other regions has been increasing. The implementation of Thai disability policy should be further dispersed in the future by improving local programs (Delcore, 2003). The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has raised fundamental knowledge of the rights of persons with disabilities in the underdeveloped countries and has also influenced the formations of their disability policy. Thailand is a developing nation-state; it has already ratified the CRPD and has launched an anti-discrimination law for persons with disabilities. Article 32 on international cooperation in the CRPD states that international cooperation is necessary to support national efforts. Through NGOs and civil society, and a nations government, have the main responsibility to support and defend the rights of its citizens with disabilities and achieve international cooperation. Organizations of persons with disabilities and other NGOs have been the most active and have started the promotion of rights through their local networks. In Thailand, local leaders with disabilities have great potential in spreading the goals of the CRPD at the community level. UK, Australia and Japans international donor agencies have been involved for years, in assisting the development for persons with disabilities. Distinguishing the relationship between poverty and disability, these agencies attempt to take in persons with disabilities and include them in their international development programs. Therefore, it is evident that major donor agencies are ready for the execution of CRPD Article 32 if they remain committed to attain effective implementation. In addition, their collaboration with different associations that deal with persons with disabilities and other NGOs are growing, which will enrich programs of these agencies.

red river valley :: essays research papers

Red River Valley   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie â€Å"Red River Valley,† is a B-western that really portrays the way life was in the early 1900s. The music in the movie really set the moods, and gives you a better understanding of what’s going on. The song that opens up the movie has a fast tempo that is played what sounds like a trumpet. Then we are introduced to Gene Autry and his partner, Frog Millhouse. The two were tending cattle and seemed to be pretty skilled at it. Then Gene and his partner set out to help build a dam to bring water into the dry land. They will take on the task of being ditch guards at the dam.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cowboy music in the movie starts when Gene and Frog walk into the town’s saloon. There is a band up on stage that is playing a fast tempo song. They are playing with a guitar, piano, harmonica, and other exotic looking instruments, like a bottle that the band member blows into. The men at the saloon are dancing, drinking, playing checkers, and seem to be having a good time. Then Gene and Frog leave the saloon and go to the dam. In the beginning of the scene, a fast pace song that is played with trumpets starts to play, which made me think that the scene would have a lot of action in it. The two men go to work on the dam, but Gene realized that they were set up, and there was dynamite that was about to explode. But he uses his quick wit, and they escape with no harm. After that the two men go back to the saloon to perform on stage. Gene Autry sings and plays the guitar very well up on stage. His voice has a baritone/high pitch sound to it, but he sounds like he has skill. Then after Gene, his partner Frog gets up on stage to perform. Frog uses the whole band and their many different instruments while he sung about his trusty forty-five. The duo was a crowd pleaser, and they left the saloon immediately after performing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then there is a scene with group of men walking and singing together with shovels. The men sing with a very deep, bass sounding tone. These men are the guys that are working to build the dam, and they are upset because they aren’t getting paid.

Judicial Precedent Is Best Understood as a Practice

Judicial precedent means the process whereby judges follow previously decided cases where the fact are of sufficient similarity. The doctrine of judicial precedent is a practice of the court, it provides guidance to the judges when they apply case precedents. It also provides certainty, consistency and clarity in the application of precedents. The rule is that judges should decide like cases in like manner. It is a decision of the court used as a source for future decision making. This is known as stare decisis and by which precedents are authoritative and binding and must be followed. Doctrine of precedent or stare decisis, this item is from the latin phrase â€Å"stare decisis et non quieta movere†, means to stand by decisions and not disturb that which is settled. The doctrine of binding precedent based on stare decisis, that is standing by previous decisions. Once a point of law has been decided in a particular case, that law must applied in all future cases containing the same material facts. For example in the case of Donughue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562. The House of Lords held that a manufacturer owed a duty of care to the ultimate consumer of the product. This set a binding precedent which was followed in Grant v Knitting Mills (1936) AC 85. The ratio decidendi forms the legal principle which is a binding precedent meaning it must be followed in future case containing the same material facts. Besides, the obiter dicta is things stated in the course of a judgment which are not necessary for the decision. The decision of the judge may fall into two parts, the ratio decidendi means reason for the decision. The ratio decidendi in a case is the principle of law on which a decision is based. When a judge delivers judgment in a case he outlines the facts which he finds have been proved on the evidence. Then he applies the law to those facts and arrives at a decision, for which he gives the reason. Besides, obiter dictum means something said by the way. The judge may go on to speculate about what his decision would or might have been if the facts of the case had been different. The binding part of a judicial decision is the ratio decidendi. An obiter dictum is not binding in later cases because it was not strictly relevant to the matter in the original case. However, an obiter dictum may be of persuasive authority in later cases. For example, in the case Donoghue v Stevenson (1932), the house of lords held that a manufacturer owed a duty of care to the consumer that products are safe because the circumstances prevented the consumer from discovering any defects. This is a ration decidendi and lord Atkin’s â€Å"neighbour test† was obiter. Where there is no existing precedent, the court will declare the law and the case will become an original precedent, example, in the case Airedale NHS Trust v Bland (1993) HL, where the courts were asked to decide if food and treatment could be lawfully withdrawn from a patient in a persistent vegetative state, and thus allowed to die. The concept of ratio decidendi tries to link the competing aims of the notion of rule of law, ie, the requirement of certainty in the application of law and flexibility in the development of law within the legal system. To identify the ratio in a case, Professor Goodhart (1931), set out a method of identifying the ratio decidendi as the ratio is derived from the application of the law to the facts that were treated as material by the judge in his decision and generalising them to make a principle. Besides that the principle of the case is found by taking account of the facts treated by the judge as material ; and his or her decision as based on them. The principle is therefore a formula, which the facts fit, and the facts provide a specific instance or example of the application of the principle. However, Professor Julius Stone (1959) argued that Goodhart’s theory was prescriptive rather than being descriptive of actual practice. In Stone’s analysis, the ratio of a case is part of a legal category of indeterminate reference or concealed multiple reference. The facts of a case precedent are able to be material under a wide range of fact descriptions, but any given decision was open to a succession of subsequent judicial reformulations of the prior decision. So, the question for the later court is the analogical relevance of the prior case holding to the later case, thus requiring the later court to choose between possibilities presented by the earlier case. This gives us a picture of radical indeterminacy . This is because the later courts appear to have great freedom in reinterpreting the actual ratio of the certain case. Stone’s approach is considered as a rather radical scepticism towards the concept of ratio. Consequence of the indeterminacy of the ratio is the difficulty in identifying the ratio of a case actually provides the English common law system the flexibility when case law is applied and its subsequent development through the courts. From Cross (1991) who argues â€Å"it is impossible to devise formulate for determining the ratio decidendi of a case†, but ‘this does not mean it is impossible to give a tolerably accurate description of what lawyers mean when they use the expression’. Consequently, courts have a great deal of choice in reformulating and interpreting law. In his work on legal reasoning , Neil MacCormick (1987) makes the point that often the ratio of a case can only be determined in light of what judges subsequently make of it. In conclusion, the discussion above have gone to establish that the doctrine of binding precedent is nothing more than a practice of the English judiciary. As a judicial practice, the doctrine provides a guide to judges on how case precedents are to be applied in courts. If the doctrine is avoided or not allowed, there are no legal sanctions or consequences. At worst, if there is a rampart ignoring of the doctrine by the courts, the outcome will be uncertainty and instability in the common law and its development.

Whaling May Result in Weals

Whaling May Result in Weals Whaling May Result in Weals Whaling May Result in Weals By Maeve Maddox Commenting on the Whelps are Puppies post, Anthony Patterson, MD had this to add to our vocabulary for talking about raised places on the skin: Regarding whelps your article is of course quite correct. Â  However, in medical school, I was taught it was an inappropriate substitution for wheal which is a more or less round and evanescent elevation of the skinwith the emphasis on evanscent as it is a sign of urticaria [hives] (Tabors Medical Dictionary). In writing the post I failed to mention the familiar word weal; the medical term wheal is new to me. Apparently both weal and wheal are related to wale and whale (in the sense of whipping or beating). Wale comes from an Old English word meaning ridge, as in The knight rode over the ridge. Later it came to mean ridge made on flesh by a lash. In the 13th century the wooden platform made to hold mounted guns was called the gonne walle (gunwale). In the 16th century the word wale came to be used in the manufacture of textiles to describe the ridges in a fabric like corduroy. Weal, in the sense of a raised mark on skin is documented from 1821 as an alteration of wale. (NOTE: The word weal has other meanings which are worthy of a post to themselves.) wheal, a mark made on the skin by a whip is documented from 1808. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, wheal is probably an alteration of wale, possibly by confusion with weal welt, and obsolete wheal pimple, pustule (1440), from O.E. verb hwelian to form pus, bring to a head. As pointed out by our reader, in modern medical use a wheal is a flat, usually circular, hard elevation of the skin, especially that which is characteristic of urticaria. According to the OED, the wheal is so called because it resembles the wheal raised on the skin by a blow. The earliest example in the OED of the verb to whale in the sense of beating severely is documented from 1790: 1790 Grose, Provincial Glossary: whale, to beat with a horsewhip or pliant stick. 1801 G. Hanger, Life: Whaleing [sic] a gentleman is but a vulgar revenge. 1884 Mark Twain, Huckleberry Finn: He used to always whale me when he was sober and could get his hands on me. The OED also has an entry for wale as a verb meaning to mark (the flesh) with wales or weals and gives this example from 1634: O my blessed Saviour, was it not enough that thy sacred body was stripped of thy garments, and waled with bloudy stripes? A dark side to this etymological foray is that the evolution of these words took place in times when whipping was such a regular event that most people had seen what it does to a persons back. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should Know50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)Educational vs. Educative

Friends of Foster Care

Friends of Foster Care Please Help us Bring Christmas Gifts for Friends of Foster Care Foster Children today! Disability Attorneys of Michigan is Working with Friends of Foster Care this Holiday Season!Each year thousands of children are placed in foster care and do not get to experience the joy of receiving a gift at Christmas. This year we will be collecting donations in hopes to fulfill each child’s need and wishes. Donations needed include:PJ’sHoodiesBlanketsToysThe holiday season is here and Christmas is right around the corner. This year Disability Attorneys of Michigan will be working directly with Friends of Foster Care and we are thrilled to be â€Å"adopting† 10 incredible foster-care children for Christmas!Friends of Foster Care is a Macomb County based charity helping our community’s foster children who have been removed from their homes due to abuse and neglect and placed in temporary housing or shelters.The Friends of Foster Care still have about 150 children in need of adoption! We will be taking donations of blankets, cold weather gear and toys her e at the office by December 15! With your help, we can make sure no child is left out this Christmas.Remember to donate by December 15th at our Warren location – 30500 Van Dyke, Ste. 400, Warren, MI 48093.Disability Attorneys of Michigan. Compassionate Excellence.

Historical Role Of Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Historical Role Of Slavery - Essay Example Swift in Gulliver’s Travel describes the human nature in a satirical form. He shows how honesty and on the other hand lying are incorporated into the human nature and how well they fit. Swift does this by taking Gulliver through a self-deception journey and getting to a point of experiencing e depicted authenticity that is straightforward. Swift, therefore, reveals human nature as being faced with issues of telling the truth, lying, hypocrisy and authenticity and reality and illusion (Jan 16). Human nature in Voltaire’s Candide emerges as being ridiculous and depicts that whatever happens is for the best of all the possible worlds. He focuses on the capacity of the human to reason and believes that the only time that humanity can reform is when an individual is able to think by themselves and independent of what others think (Jefferson 146). Voltaire sees the possibility of challenges that face individuals with regard to belief before they can realize that optimism does not provide a realistic basis to enable them to perceive the world. He clearly shows that people must think independently in order to achieve all that they ate capable of achieving (Lowers 44). Shelly in Frankenstein brings out the human nature as being to judge from appearance. The people just see the external features of the creature and from this labels him the monster (Allen 93).They do not see beyond his external deformities even to realize the good aspects that he possesses such as being an eloquent speaker.  

Corporate Social Responsibility in Banks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Corporate Social Responsibility in Banks - Essay Example Corporate Social Responsibility in Banks Therefore, when a corporation engages in corporate social responsibility, it is acting in the best interest of forces which are not in a close relationship with the corporation, to the detriment of forces which are (Lantos, 2001, p. 1). This theory is based upon classical economic theory which is underscored by Milton Friedman’s analysis (Bronn&Vrioni, 2001, p 208), and this theory does not leave room for behaving ethically or responsibly (Paine, 2003, p. 1) However, in today’s socially conscious world, the traditional view is short-sighted. In this world of Occupy protests, where corporations are portrayed as soulless entities, and the extreme profit motive is seen as inherently evil, corporations now will benefit tremendously from being more socially responsible. Therefore, if corporations can show society that they are not just interested in profits, but are also interested in better the world and the environment, they will be once again more attractive to consumers. Therefore, corporate social responsibility in this environment would be advantageous to the bottom line (Innes, 2006, p. 355). This is particularly true regarding the banking industry, which is widely perceived, not inaccurately, as being the catalyst to the worldwide recession that has occurred, as their shoddy practices effectively brought down economies worldwide. Corporate responsibility may be ethical, legal, economic or philanthropic. (Mohr, 2001, p. 47). There are many reasons why corporations are compelled to act responsibly. One of the reasons why a corporation might act responsibly is its image, and, as stated above, corporate responsibility helps a corporation’s image, which, in turn, helps the corporation’s bottom line – people are more likely to patronize a corporation who is seen as being concerned about the environment and other social causes that the public holds dear (Paine, 2003, p. 110). A corporation who has socially friendly practices may b e the target of a â€Å"buycott.† Friedman (1996) advocates â€Å"buycotts,† which is the flip side of a boycott. In a boycott, companies are punished for misdeeds. On the other hand, a boycott rewards the corporation for its policies when their policies are in line with activists of a certain cause. These activists are organized and induce other shoppers to patronize the store who shares their beliefs (Friedman, 1996, p. 440). A good example of this are â€Å"Green† purchasers, who look at the ethics of a certain purchase, look at whether the purchase enhances sustainability, and decides to make the purchase based upon these factors (Young, et al., 2010, p. 20). Social investing is another way that a corporation may benefit. Social investing is where people invest their money in corporations which are in line with their personal beliefs or forward causes that the individual believes in (Entine, 2003, p. 1). Alternatively, corporations who do not act socially re sponsibility may be punished for indiscretions. For instance, a corporation who is targeted for socially unfriendly policies may find themselves the target of a boycott and other problems. When corporations do not do the right thing, then they may face boycotts, PR nightmares and fewer customers buying their products (Sassatelli, 2006, p. 218). An example of this is Bank of America. When it announced plans to charge its customers a $5 monthly debit card fee, the backlash was immediate and intense. Customers were outraged at this

102 exam question 4 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

102 exam question 4 - Article Example Friedman assumed that focusing on open social investments was not proper for business well-being and this would divert the goals of the business. The ideal goal of the company is to provide a return to its shareholders. By focusing on external social responsibilities, the corporation is distracted from its sole purpose. Friedman asserted that corporations do not know how to properly invest in social causes (Friedman, 1970/2002). Friedman deemed this as a tax upon stockholders of which they have no decision regarding how it is spent. Consequently, he added that an individual is on liberty to pursue social responsibilities; this is because the corporate executive lacks the ability to properly perform such actions (Friedman, 1970/2002). On the other hand, according to Archie Carroll’s, adding on to making a profit and obeying the law, a company should endeavor to improve or solve societal needs. His view is generally advocated through stakeholder theory. This theory maintains that corporations should consider the effects of their actions upon other individuals at stake or of interest in the corporation such as customers, suppliers, general public, and employees (Carroll, 1987). Businesses cannot pursue their long term profit returns if they have poor relations with their stakeholders or the environment. Meanwhile, firms cannot meet all the needs of their stakeholders and continue making profits. It is therefore advisable that management decisions should be based on an objective ethical code of conduct. Using the money that shareholders have invested in the businesses to support unprofitable needs of the society is clearly wrong. Therefore, businesses should make profits, obey the law, act according to an ethical standard, and only pursue corporate social responsibility activities that improve long-term shareholder wealth. A  corporation  is a legal entity, meaning it is a separate entity from its

Dishonest salespeople and gossip Essay Example for Free

Dishonest salespeople and gossip Essay No matter what culture one belongs, common observation shows that women â€Å"gossip† while men â€Å"talk shop†; women are â€Å"bossy† and men are â€Å"firm† (Women’s Language, 2005). However, even if common observation shows that women talk more than men, research findings prove otherwise. In fact, findings would even show that â€Å"men have been shown to talk more than women in settings as diverse as staff meetings, television panel discussions and husband-and-wife pairs in spontaneous conversation† (Women’s Language, 2005). As men tend to talk about â€Å"male things† like politics, sports, cars, women talk about the â€Å"women things† such as child-rearing, household chores and some personal relationships. According to Pamela Fishman’s research studies, women are relatively weak in interactive situations because they tend to â€Å"exploit questions and answers in order to force a response and keep the conversation going† (Women’s Language, 2005). Therefore, â€Å"gossiping† is common and universal. People always love to hear something about the other person who is not on the scene of conversation. What about dishonest salespeople? (rhetorical question) Are these people more disgusting than those who gossip? Looking at the gravity of damage which one causes more harm?   Looking at the gravity between the results, which causes greater damage? Looking at the gravity of the situation, it seems that gossiping is the most destructive trait here. (parallelism). But of course, people will not discount the fact that dishonesty in sales is also a bad trait. For one, not all incidents of dishonesty are detected and not all detected cases are reported. Therefore any fraud statistic is an estimate. Nevertheless, the statistics make it clear that dishonesty in salespeople occurs frequently, and no organization is immune (Peterson Zikmund, 2004). The costs of fraud and dishonesty will continue to rise unless auditors, management, and the general public become more proactive in learning about the types of fraud, the perpetrators and valuable fraud prevention and detection techniques (Bezanis, 2002). It is important to be able to know the difference between the real and spurious products in order to maintain the good image of that company. Fraud is conventionally defined as â€Å"intentional deception, deceitful pretenses, or deliberate trickery to gain an advantage† (Hanlin, 2004). Fraud encompasses an array of irregularities and illegal acts characterized by intentional deception. Every fraud involves three elements: (1) theft act, (2) concealment, and (3) conversion (Albrecht Albrecht, 2001). For instance, buyers who get the misfortune of buying fake Gucci bags are able to identify the fake product because of the flimsy hardware, cheap leather and misspelled logos. The fake bags are so like the originals that it is hard to spot them quickly. There are businessmen who are able to copy the smart way. High-end label bags cost around $500 to over $1,000. Anything less than these price ranges are fake. Buyers are also encouraged to read the fine print so that they do not buy those that says, â€Å"Designer Inspired.† The numerous issues which plague the business sector with allegations and prosecution of unethical conduct easily fall under either the definition of fraud or unfair and deceptive practices. Or if the issue does not fit with the two terms, it can fall under unethical business conduct. The unethical conduct is a catchall phrase that includes fraud and unfair practice and other aspects beyond the scope of the two terms. In the same manner, gossip is also an unethical business indulged by people regarding other people. However, gossip causes hurt. It can hurt people and damage lives. Thus, gossip, depending on the seriousness can be extremely dangerous too. It can damage a person’s reputation and image. In the long run, gossip seems to be more damaging than dishonest salespeople because one can always return a fake product. But the destruction one causes in gossip spreads like wildfire and cannot be restored. As defined, ethical business conduct is doing something that is not required by law, contract, or other obligation and which is a positive contribution to society. Therefore, a contrary conduct is unethical. This means doing something which is prohibited by law, contract, or other obligation or which has a negative contribution to society. Contribution to society is now part of the definition because ethical business conduct has evolved into what is termed as corporate and social responsibility. An act of the company has a vast effect on the society as a whole. In the course of human interactions, there are many situations in which it is difficult to make a decision because values come into conflict. It is essential that an individual or an organization engage in values clarification to develop a personal decision-making process that fosters ethical behavior.

Eriksons Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development Psychology Essay

Eriksons Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development Psychology Essay It is obvious that human undergo lots of changes such as biological, cognitive, psychological and in behaviour since the time of conception till they attain their complete adult age. These changes are said to be under any of the influences like nature, nurture, environment, and social. We also know that based on these aspects, numbers of psychologist such as B. F Skinner, Sigmund Freud, Albert Bandura, Jean Pieget Carl Rogers and Erik Erikson have proposed many theories pertaining to human development. One of the main among them was, Erik Erikson, possibly the best known of Sigmund Freuds many followers, who have proposed psychosocial theory. In his theory, he strongly believed that psychosocial principle is genetically inevitable in shaping human development.   His theory indirectly reveals that our personality traits come in opposites; we think of ourselves as optimistic or pessimistic, independent or dependent, emotional or unemotional, adventurous or cautious, leader or follower, aggressive or passive. Many of these are inborn temperament traits, but other characteristics, such as feeling either competent or inferior, appear to be learned, based on the challenges (mind: psychological, and physical), and support due to social ( relationships) we receive in growing up. Moreover, it says It is human to have a long childhood; it is civilized to have an even longer childhood. Long childhood makes  a technical and mental virtuoso out of man, but it also leaves a life-long residue of emotional immaturity in him, (Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994)). Similarly a child goes through many changes and confronts with many developmental challenges that they have to overcome those challenges on the road from infancy to adulthood. There is a never ending struggle to make sense out of this complex process. And there is no end to theories trying to explain it. Thus, this essay looks at Eriksons psychological theories of development that comprises of five stages of development, and its implications and benefits of understanding the theory in following paragraphs. This essay also talks about the crises that must be resolved in every stage that we attain in the process of development. Eriksons eight stages of psychosocial development Erik Erikson believed that childhood is very important in personality development. He developed a theory of psychosocial development that covers an entire life. Get through his initial five stages and we will be an adult. Each stage is a challenge or crisis that must be resolved before going to another stage. His theory of psychosocial development is considered as one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freuds theory of psychosexual stages, Eriksons theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Eriksons psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experience and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. In addition to ego identity, Erikson also believed that a sense of competence also motivates behaviours and actions. Each stage in Eriksons theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. Various terms are used to describe Eriksons model, for example Eriksons bio psychosocial or bio-psycho-social theory (bio refers to biological, which in this context means life); Eriksons human development cycle or life cycle, and variations of these. All refer to the same eight stages psychosocial theory, it being Eriksons most distinct work and remarkable model. All of the stages in Eriksons epigenetic theory are implicitly present at birth but unfold according to both an innate scheme and ones up-bringing in a family that expresses the values of a culture. Each stage builds on the preceding stages, and paves the way for subsequent stages. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis, which is based on physiological development, but also on demands put on the individual by parents and/or society. Ideally, the crisis in each stage should be resolved by the ego in that stage, in order for development to proceed correctly. The outcome of one stage is not permanent, but can be altered by later experiences. Everyone has a mixture of the traits attained at each stage, but personality development is considered successful if the individual has more of the good traits than the bad traits. Those eight stages of development are as follow: Trust vs. Mistrust Eriksons first psychosocial conflict is trust versus mistrust. This stage begins at birth and continues until about one year of age. The central issue that infants resolve in this stage is Can I trust others? Erikson, in his theory explains that infants learn to trust other people if their needs are satisfied by their caregivers. If a caregiver is irresponsible to the infants needs and they go un-met, then instead of developing trustworthiness, the infant will develop mistrust n his or her mind. In this stage, infants will also start realizing that they are state of dependent o independent to caregivers who respond to their need. That is how they begin to distinguish self from others. For example, many researchers have found that two to three month old infants do begin to distinguish themselves from their caretakers However, by resolving this crisis at this the infant will develop a healthy balance between trust and mistrust that is if only they are fed and cared for and not over-indulged or over-protected. For instance, being cruelty to them will destroy trust and lead to development of mistrust which results in incensement of a persons resistance to risk-exposure and exploration. On the other hand infants who grow up to trust are more able to hope and have faith that every things will be fine and develop a sense of challenge in his or her mind. Therefore, it is important to development to have a successful resolution of this stage because it lays the foundation for each additional stage. If a stage is not resolved correctly, later stages may remain unresolved as well. Parents are primarily responsible for satisfying this stage of development in their child. It is imperative parents are attentive to their infants needs so trust can be developed. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt The second stage is anatomy verses shame and doubt. This occurs from about eighteen months of age to around three years old. In this stage most critical issue they confront is that their intermediate state, not sure about whether they can do things on their own or do they need someone to assist them. Erikson says that this is the point at which the child can develop a certain amount of independence/autonomy, or otherwise end up in doubt and shame or always as dependent. Autonomy (self-reliance) is independence of thought, and a basic confidence to think and act ones own. Shame and Doubt refers to reduction in self-expression and developing ones own ideas, opinions and sense of self.   It is at this stage that the child needs support from parents so that repeated failures and ridicule are not the only experiences encountered.   So, the parents need to encourage the child to becoming more independent whilst at the same time protecting the child so that constant failure is avoided. They must try not to do everything for the child but if the child fails at a particular task they must not criticize the child for failures and accidents.   For example, toilet training is a said to be significant part of this crisis where parental reactions, encouragement and patience play an impor tant role in shaping the young childs experience and successful progression through this period. When children in this stage are encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world.   If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, and may then become overly dependent upon others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities. If one was to achieve autonomy then they would have a feeling of confidence, but if those that dont achieve autonomy doubt their own abilities and have a sense of inadequacy. Therefore, the importance of parental reaction should have concerns in all aspects of toddler exploration and discovery while small children struggle to find their feet almost literally as little people in their own right. Imitative vs. Guilt Imitative vs. Guilt is the third stage of psychosocial development. It is around three to six years of age when this role must be established. The main role is to establish purpose and its achieve through exploration and play (Cherry, 2011). That means, children begin to affirm their power over the world through interactions between people and play and by asserting over their environment through different challenges. Initiative is the capability to devise actions or projects, and a confidence and belief that it is okay to do so, even with a risk of failure or making mistakes. That is how their idea of initiative develops positively. On the other hand if the child is not given chance to play and explore or stoped taking any kind of initiative, they understand their actions as a point if embarrassment and results in developing guild in them. Thus, guilt refers the feeling that it is wrong or inappropriate to instigate something of ones own design. Guilt results from being admonished or believing that something is wrong or likely to attract disapproval. Suppressing adventure and experimentation, or preventing young children doing things for themselves because of time, mess or a bit of risk will inhibit the development of confidence to initiate, replacing it instead with an unhelpful fear of being wrong or unapproved. The fear of being admonished or accused of being stupid becomes a part of the personality. If I dont initiate or stick my neck out Ill be safe... Therefore, it is duty of parents and caregivers to solve this crises, and challenge to get the balance right between giving young children enough space and encouragement so as to foster a sense of purpose and confidence, but to protect against danger. Industry vs. Inferiority In the Eriksons theory of psychosocial development, industry verses inferiority is the fourth stage. This takes place around the age of six to eleven years old. In this stage a person will be asking them self How can I be good?(Cherry, 2011). In this stage they try to master with their new and complex skills in accomplishing their task because they do increasingly complicated tasks. Erikson described this stage as a sort of entrance to life, and is a crucial aspect of school years experience. A child who experiences the satisfaction of achievement of anything positive will move towards successful negotiation of this crisis stage. However if a child who experiences failure at school tasks and work, or worse still who is denied the opportunity to discover and develop their own capabilities and strengths and unique potential, quite naturally is prone to feeling inferior and useless and develop very low self-stem in them. To solve this crisis, parents, teachers or caregiver should let them engage with others through social interaction and using tools or technology. Therefore, their supports in approving of what children are doing results in Childs believe in themselves. If reinforcement to the positive aspects lacks then they will believe that they are inferior to everyone and they dont matter. Identity vs. Identity confusion Identity vs. Identity confusion is the fifth stage where one is supposed to achieve their identity from the ages of twelve to eighteen. Before this stage, a person was exploring and discovering their independence and sense of self. But in this stage they develop a sense of self and personal identity. Erikson believe that here the child has to learn the roles he will occupy as an adult. It is during this stage that the adolescent will re-examine his identity and try to find out exactly who he is.   During this stage the body image of the adolescent changes and success in this stage will lead to the virtue of  fidelity. Their exploring of possibilities and beginning to form own identity develops a sense of direction in life. If all goes well, then a person will have a strong sense of self and independent and in control of the situation. However, if there is a lack of reinforcement, then the person will be insecure and will be confused about them in the future. The sense of who they are gets hindered, then it will result in a sense of confusion about them and their role in the world and that is how they cant adapt and establish in the society. Therefore, in order to solve this problem positive reinforcement from parents, teachers, school, society and friends is vital. Intimacy vs. Isolation From the age of nineteen to forty one will in the stage of intimacy vs. isolation. Intimacy means the process of achieving relationships with family and marital or mating partner. He explained this stage also in terms of sexual mutuality the giving and receiving of physical and emotional connection, support, love, comfort, trust, and all the other elements that we would typically associate with healthy adult relationships conducive to mating and child-rearing. We explore relationships leading toward longer term commitments with someone other than a family member.   Successful completion can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship.   Isolation conversely means being and feeling excluded from the usual life experiences of dating and mating and mutually loving relationships. This logically is characterised by feelings of loneliness, alienation, social withdrawal or non-participation. Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression. Thus to be successful in this stage, it is highly important that we achieve our identity. Developing close, intimate friendships are important to person so that we will have strong relationship. If not, its failure will lead to isolation and the lack of relationship. Generatively vs. Stagnation Generatively vs. Stagnation is the seventh stage in Eriksons psychosocial development. It occurs from forty years old to sixty-five years old. And this stage struck with the question how to contribute to the world? Here, adult strive to nurture things that they want their children to do the things that will help the world or something that they will be remembered by. For example, during middle adulthood, we establish our careers, settle down within a relationship, begin our own families and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture.   We give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations.   On the other side, if person fail in finding a way to contribute to the society or by failing to achieve these objectives, we become stagnant and feel unproductive. This will result in individuals feeling disconnected or uninvolved with their society. Ego integrity vs. Despair This is the final stage in Eriksons developmental theory of psychosocial. Their age limit is from sixty five years till death. As we grow older and become senior citizens, we tend to slow down our productivity, and explore life as a retired person.   It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and are able to develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life. But Erik Erikson also believed if we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilt about our pasts, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness. So to overcome that despair, it is important to positively pass those above mentioned stages starting since infant. Importance of Eriksons theory in understanding human development Eriksons model of psychosocial development is a very significant, highly regarded and meaningful concept. He was a psychoanalyst and also a humanitarian. So his theory is useful far beyond psychoanalysis its useful for any application involving personal awareness and development of oneself or others. Life is a series of lessons and challenges which help us to grow, and here his wonderful theory helps to tell us why. The theory is helpful for child development and adults too as it highlight important issues in particular stage and suggest the solution for that crises in pursuit of better development. Moreover, his eight stages theory is said to be a tremendously powerful model: it is very accessible and obviously relevant to modern life, from several different perspectives, for understanding and explaining how personality and behaviour develops in people. In addition, Eriksons theory is useful for teaching, parenting, self-awareness, managing and coaching, dealing with conflict, and generally for understanding self and others. Thus, we can conclude that his work is as relevant today as when he first outlined his original theory, in fact given the modern pressures on society, family and relationships and the quest for personal development and fulfilment his ideas are probably more relevant now than ever. Is it the crises that must be resolved in each stage a catastrophe? In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. From his point of view, these conflicts are centred on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure. We have found that in his stage, each stage involves a crisis of two opposing emotional forces where Erikson termed these opposing forces as contrary dispositions. Each crisis stage relates to a corresponding life stage and its inherent challenges. Successfully passing through each crisis involves maintaining balance  between the two opposing dispositions that represent each crisis. For example a healthy balance at crisis stage, stage one, Trust v Mistrust, might be described as experiencing and growing through the crisis Trust(of people, life and ones future development) and also experiencing and growing a suitable capacity for Mistrust where appropriate, so as not to be hopelessly unrealistic or gullible, nor to be mistrustful of everything. Or experiencing and growing through stage two (Autonomy v Shame Doubt) to be essentially Autonomous (to be ones own person and not a mindless or quivering follower) but to have sufficient capacity for Shame and Doubt, so as to be free-thinking and independent, while also being ethical and considerate and responsible, etc. Erikson called these successful balanced outcomes Basic Virtues or Basic Strengths. He identified one particular word to represent the fundamental strength gained at each stage. What the child acquires at a given stage is a certain  ratio  between the positive and negative, which if the balance is toward the positive, will help him to meet later crises with a better chance for unimpaired total developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Erikson) A well-balanced positive experience during each stage develops a corresponding  basic virtue-a helpful personality development, each of which enables a range of other related emotional and psychological strengths. For example passing successfully through the Industry versus Inferiority crisis produces the basic psychosocial virtue of competence, and related strengths such as method, skills, techniques, ability to work with processes and collaborations, etc). Where passage through a crisis stage is less successful then to a varying extent the personality acquires an unhelpful emotional or psychological tendency. Person passing  unsuccessfully  through a psychosocial crisis stage they develop a tendency towards one or other of the opposing forces, which then becomes a behavioural tendency, or even a mental problem which corresponds to one of the two opposite extremes of the crisis concerned. So, it is true that these crises are not really a catastrophe; rather, it is a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential where human can develop well unless and until it is not satisfactorily resolved. Conclusion Eriksons stages of psychological development were complex, but simple. It is something everyone will go through and experiences will always be different. Surprisingly, previous stages are highly influential to the proceeding stage. While Eriksons model emphasises the sequential significance of the eight character-forming crisis stages, the concept also asserts that humans continue to change and develop throughout their lives, and that personality is not exclusively formed during early childhood years. It is certainly a view that greatly assists encouraging oneself and others to see the future as an opportunity for positive change and development, instead of looking back with blame and regret. The better that people come through each crisis, the better they will tend to deal with what lies ahead, but this is not to say that all is lost and never to be recovered if a person has had a negative experience during any particular crisis stage. Lessons can be revisited successfully when they recur, if we recognise and welcome them. Finally I should say that he was keen to improve the way children and young people are taught and nurtured, and it would be appropriate for his ideas to be more widely known and used in day-to-day life as it is very powerful for self-awareness and improvement, and for teaching and helping others.